Health and safety management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Health and safety management - Essay Example The employer is in charge of planning, monitoring, implementing programs and systems needed to ensure OHS on its grounds. Joy suggests (2004) that occupational health and safety risks arise from the normal functions, operations and activities and during unexpected incidents and circumstances such as accidents. The employer is in charge of ensuring the correct national and international recognized OHS codes, standards and guidelines are maintained to the fullest. The full effectiveness of OHS systems attracts the inclusion, and significance participation of every employee in implementing and maintaining of procedures and processes. There are a quiet a number of companies that have already implemented the rules that governs the safety of each employee on the ground. An example of such company is Barrick, a mining company. This is a high risk job that requires full safety gears when doing it through out the day at all time. The company reputes itself of being the best in mining industry and the one that protects its employee the best and safest way possible. It is committed to perform each job in a safe and healthy manner, and are strict about work related injuries or illnesses. The rule is that everyone is in charge of their own safety at work. It ensures this by: Governance. It provides Health functions, protection and governance as part of an incorporated framework that includes; environment, community relations and security. It has established a committee which includes representatives from different handy groups. It manages programs and monitors performance, and elevates issues to the next level as required. The board committee provides oversight that focuses on vital trends and issues that improves the company performance. The corporate responsibility committee ensures integration and global alignment, assesses main sustainability risks and offers leadership on policy and tactical issues. On the other hand, the regional committee conducts incidents reviews, implements programs, develops yearly improvements plans and implements activities to meet corporate strategies. As joy described (2004) the site committee is responsible in managing stewardship of programs and sites, manages site – specific issues and raises issues that require regional and corporate attention. Barrick applies a few elements that ensure a smooth running of safety and health management system. 1. Leadership and personal experience Leaders must live and lead by example, acting as role models to junior workers and other staff members. Barrick recognizes only its leaders must take action in promoting and creating a safe work place. This is achieved through evident felt leadership. Safety and health accountability includes; training and appraisal of workers, management and supervisors. Leadership and personal experience is practiced through: Management and leader participation Executive member plays a role in issuing and promoting communications that relates to sa fety and health to each worker. They also carry out safety and health tours of their places of liability and implement a program that recognizes each individual safety performance and safety leadership. The Barrick leaders also hold discussions about safety and health as a way of being role model and providing mentorship through personal behavior. Site, general and project managers openly practices safety and health headship for themselves and their supervisors by enacting personal observance with all safety and health related values.

Good and Evil of Internet Essay Example for Free

Good and Evil of Internet Essay The onset of computers on the general population has given a boost to the Economy in the worlds market. People who werent much aware of the world became drawn to computers, which in turn brought about the Internet, connecting the world all over. The Internet has played a major role in the lives of people all over the world. Now, it is not limited to just important organizations or governments. Everyone who owns a computer is logged on to the Internet; and this has made the world seem smaller. No one has to wait for the postman to deliver the mail, but instead one can just connect to the Internet and right away, you got mail. The Internet has been a boon, yet there are its darker aspects, which has caused much harm. The world is now so dependent on the Internet that it seems unthinkable of living without it. The computer industry got a boost when the people discovered that the world was progressing in leaps and bounds, and should any country be left out would be considered a backward country. Developing countries caught on to the progress. Learning about computers in school was made compulsory. To enhance the knowledge, everyone, young and old had to learn about computers and that was the first step. From computers to the Internet is but just a step ahead. Families who have migrated to different parts of the world have the link of Internet to connect to their relatives and friends, in the fastest and cheapest way. Internet has brought families, friends and businesses closer than they actually are. Communications via the Internet is so fast and cheap that there is no hold to its progress. The Internet brought about a lot of developments around the world, which otherwise would have taken much longer. Employers could buy the best talent around the world at a cheaper price than they would have to pay for hiring local workers. The young and aspiring workers left their homes and found better employment abroad, by searching for jobs on the Internet. Businesses flourished, as they could be in touch with whom they were dealing with, fast and quick on the Internet. The Internet brought prosperity all around and every small and big business caught on to the fear of being left behind. Big and small schools opened up for teaching computers and the Internet. Cyber cafes flourished to the assistance of those who did not possess a computer. Various Internet service providers propped up offering a variety of discounts and benefits for Internet services. Industries prospered, employees and employers also prospered, and to say the least there is just no stopping to the growth of the Internet. Information is at your fingertips, there is no need for the newspaper; all you need to do is switch on the computer and go to the web page to read the news. The Internet certainly is responsible for the development of the world, but it also has its negativity, which has brought about considerable disruptions and problems in its wake. Bad characters had limitations before, but now with the Internet, their limitations have gained a spot over. Countries know the secrets of each other and are always trying to harm one another in some way. Recent September eleven attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, in which thousands perished and landmarks reduced to rubble, are living proofs of what the Internet is capable of. Hacking, junk mail, obscene mail, porn mail and viruses are all done via the Internet. There is much damage done via the Internet to the minds of young adolescent children and these are just a few examples. The world is full of good and bad people, and having the Internet at your fingertips leaves something to your imagination of where the world is progressing today. The discovery of Internet is definitely a boon to the world and the development and betterment it has done for countries and people throughout the world. The progress that the world has made is beyond imagination, thanks to the Internet. The Internet has its advantages and disadvantages too. Those who want the betterment of the world spread enlightment and those that are bad create trouble and Internet is just the media through which they have access to the minds of people fast and results are equally fast and damaging. Now it is the responsibility of each and every family, parents, teachers, and the well wisher of the world to educate their young impressionable children, to differentiate between the good and evil. We hope this awareness should eliminate the negative aspect of the Internet.

Supply Chain Management The Bullwhip Effect Commerce Essay

Supply Chain Management The Bullwhip Effect Commerce Essay In recent years in the supply chain management theory there has been done a lot of research over the phenomenon called the Bullwhip effect In brief, this negative effect occurs when the demand order variabilities in the supply chain are amplified as they moved up the supply chain (Lee et. al, 1997a) and can lead to such big inefficiencies as lost revenues and poor customer service. Many of the authors in their scientific papers contributed a lot to the development of the topic by describing the Bullwhip effect, explaining and evaluating its reasons, its implications and possible ways of its reduction, using higher mathematics (Chen et. al, 1999; Dejonckheere et. al, 2001; Warburton, 2004; Croson Donohue, 2003) and specialized software (like SISCO) (Chatfield et al., 2004) to create simulation models. In our brief overview, however, we will not consider all of these particularized mathematical studies in detail, we will just try to focus on the more theoretical explanation of the neg ative implications of the Bullwhip effect, the possible reasons of its existence, and on the ways of its reduction. In this respect, we think that among all of the respected scientists that devoted their efforts to the Bullwhip effect research, the authors Hau L. Lee, V. Padmanabhan, and Seungjin Whang in their articles The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains (1997) and Information Distortion in a Supply Chain: The Bullwhip effect (1997) have not only most profoundly described and explained the notion of the phenomenon of the Bullwhip effect and the reasons of its existence, but also introduced the most valuable and applicable ways of how to diminish its negative consequences. The essay consists of 3 main chapters: the first chapter describes the notion and the implications of the Bullwhip effect, in the second chapter the reasons for its existence are discussed, and the third chapter refers to the ways how to reduce the Bullwhip effect. 1. Implications of the Bullwhip effect There are some different definitions and ways of understanding of so called Bullwhip effect (it can also be referred to as Whiplash effect or Whipsaw effect in some sources). This phenomenon was first established by Forrester (1961). The Bullwhip effect can appear in every industry and in every supply chain. The Bullwhip effect is a consequence of one or a combination of the following four important aspects related to supply chain management, which are, according to Lee et al., demand forecast updating by supply chain partners; order batching; price fluctuation; rationing and shortage gaming. Small order variability on a customer level amplifies the orders for upstream players, such as wholesales and manufacturers, as the orders move up along a supply chain (Paik et al., 2007). As shown in the Figure 1, when consumer sales have really small fluctuations, the retailers demand fluctuates more, the wholesalers demand fluctuates more than the retailers demand and manufacturers demand fluctuates even more than wholesalers demand. (Lee et al., 1997a). According to Forrester, variability of customer orders is usually less than variability of manufacturing orders. To his opinion the main reason for this situation is the irrational behavior of participants involved in a supply chain (Paik et al., 2007). The Bullwhip effect can be observed on different levels: on macro level it shows up in inefficiency in production, scheduling, sourcing, distribution, revenue generalization and its realization (Ravichandran, 2008). on operation level, it reflects in generation of more inventory and keeping it in inappropriate place, to meet a specified service level (Ravichandran, 2008). on performance level, it can reduce the velocity of cash, destroy potential revenue and erode revenue realization (Ravichandran, 2008). These are just some negative consequences of the Bullwhip effect (Carlsson Fuller, 2001): excessive inventory investments poor customer service lost revenues the productivity capital in operations becomes substandard as revenues are lost increasing in transportation costs and sub-optimal transportation pattern demand variability may cause missed production schedule The Bullwhip Effect is a result of behavior of supply chain members and is created by themselves as a result of their rational decision making in situation of short or not full information about real end-customer demand. The Bullwhip Effect is an internal effect. Companies can ignore the Bullwhip effect and suffer from it extra losses or can try to reduce it. 2. The reasons for existence of the Bullwhip effect The good illustration of the Bullwhip effect is the beer game. In this experiment (it first took place in 1980s) participants play four different roles: customers, managers, wholesales and supplies of one of the popular beer brand. It is not allowed to communicate with each other, so participants make decisions about ordering only based on orders from the next downstream player. The results of this experiment are variability and volatility of upstream levels that always exceed variability and volatility of downstream levels. The interpretation of this result can be different. On one hand it can be effect of irrational decision making on each level (Lee et al., 1997a). But on the other hand, if the Bullwhip effect is a summary of rational decision making, we can indentify different main causes, and then the Bullwhip effect appears because of problems in the supply chain structure. These are the main causes of the Bullwhip Effect: 1. Demand forecasting updating (Lee et al., 1997a). Every company on each level of supply chain makes forecasting for production, capacity, inventory, material requirements and demand levels. Demand forecasting is usually based on the order history from the companys immediate customers, i.e. on what the company actually observes (Lee et al., 1997a). By using simply forecasting methods, for example exponential smoothing (forecasting of future demand based on new daily demand and it updating when new data is received) the order that is sent to the suppliers is a reflection of safety stock plus amount that is needed to satisfy future demand. The result is that the variability of amount of orders will increase during going on supply chain from the end-customer to the end supplier. 2. Order batching (in two forms periodic ordering and push ordering) (Lee et al., 1997a). There often appears a situation when companies order once a week, once in two weeks, once a month, instead of ordering every day or every few days. This situation appear because sometimes suppliers cannot satisfy frequent ordering or transportation costs are too high (there is a big difference between full load and less than truckload rate, suppliers may even provide customers with discounts for full-truck loads) or time for processing orders is too long. Companies want to make advantages on economies of scale but amount of ordering varies during the time (people order more on the end of the week, end of the months, holidays etc.) The Bullwhip effect decreases when order cycles decrease. 3. Price fluctuations (Lee et al., 1997a). The bullwhip effect also appears when quantity of goods that customers buy doesnt reflect their current needs. This is a result of customers buying in advance more than they need and stock some quantity because of attractive prices (it can be periodic discounts or promotions events when product prices are low). When level of prices becomes normal, customers stop buying products until they have it in stock. In this case buying structure doesnt reflect the consuming structure, as a result the fluctuation of buying amount is more tremendous than the variation of consuming amount (Lee et al., 1997a). Such discounts and promotions influence negatively the supply chain. It seems like manufactures and distributors create these price fluctuations themselves, and it means that they set up a bullwhip effect themselves. 4. Rationing and shortage gaming (Lee et al., 1997a). There are situations when demand is bigger than supply. In this case customer needs can be satisfied only partly. So customers order bigger amounts than they actually need, and when the situation becomes stable (demand is equal to supply) orders suddenly get cancelled. This means that customers give wrong information about their real demands to the suppliers, and this effect is referred to as gaming (Lee et al., 1997a). This is a common situation for a market. 5. Material and information delays (Paik et al., 2007). According to Towill and his co-authors, material and information delays might be a major contributing factor to the Bullwhip effect (Paik et al., 2007). 6. Supply variability (Paik et al., 2007). According to Taylor, supply variability (machine reliability problems and quality problems) is one of the possible causes of the Bullwhip effect. Output of the unreliable machines fluctuates and it pushes the variability of demands of the upstream members. Variability in production level is thus the initial trigger of demand variability, which in turn triggers the Bullwhip effect (Paik et al., 2007). 7. Number of echelons (Paik et al., 2007). According to Towill and his co-authors and to Ackere, reducing number of one or more intermediates lead to significant reducing of the Bullwhip effect (Paik et al., 2007). 3. The ways to reduce the Bullwhip effect In the previous chapter we described the reasons for existence of the Bullwhip effect. Understanding of these reasons gives a very good base to understanding of how to counteract the negative consequences of the Bullwhip effect. Many companies developed their own successful mechanisms of fighting the outcomes of this effect, and Hau L. Lee, V. Padmanabhan, and Seungjin Whang suggest to divide these various initiatives into three categories: Information sharing, Channel alignment, and Operational efficiency (see Table 1). Table 1 (Lee et al., 1997a) Causes of Bullwhip effect Information sharing Channel alignment Operational efficiency Demand forecast update understanding system dynamics use POS data electronic data interchange Internet computer-assisted ordering (CAO) vendor-managed inventory discount for information sharing consumer direct lead-time reduction echelon-based inventory control Order batching EDI Internet-ordering discount for truck-load assortment delivery appointments consolidation logistics outsourcing reduction in fixed cost of ordering by EDI or electronic commerce CAO Price fluctuations Continuous replenishment program (CRP) Everyday low cost (EDLC) Everyday low price (EDLP) Activity-based costing (ABC) The above mentioned categories imply the following: Information sharing: the information about actual customers demand is transmitted from the downstream site to the upstream; Channel alignment is about coordination of different business activities (as pricing, transportation, planning etc.) between the upstream and the downstream sites in the supply chain, and Operational efficiency implies the set of activities that help to improve performance, such as to reduce the lead-time. Lee et al. introduced a set of efficient countermeasures that were designed to minimize the negative effects of the Bullwhip effect (Lee et al., 1997a, b): Avoid multiple demand forecast updates Since the main reason of existence of the Bullwhip effect is the fact, that every member of the supply chain makes its own demand forecasting based on the data provided to it by its immediate downstream member, the one evident way to avoid this repetitive processing of demand data in a supply chain is to make the real consumption data (that is known at a downstream site) available at all of the upstream sites. This would allow all of the enterprises in a supply chain (from downstream to upstream) to make and update their forecasts based on the same raw data. Data sharing can be implemented, for instance, by the use of the electronic data interchange (EDI) systems. But the practice shows that in some cases even though all of the organizations in a supply chain use the same demand data to make their forecasts, the differences in forecasting methods and/or buying practices may still lead to fluctuations in the orders placed with the upstream sites. Break order batches The main idea here is to avoid another reason of appearance of the Bullwhip effect order batching by developing the strategies that lead to smaller batches and thus more frequent supply. One of the reasons of large order batches and low order frequencies is the high cost of processing the orders, which can be avoided, for example, by the use of electronic document circulation instead of paper-based. The other reason of large order batches is the transportation costs: the differences in the costs of full truckloads and less-than-truckloads are very high, and this makes companies to wait for the full truckloads and thus stretch the replenishment times, which also creates order batching. This problem can also be avoided by inducing by the manufacturers their distributors to order assortments of different products at a time (a truckload from the same producer may contain different products instead of full load of the same product) and thus significantly increase the order frequency. This can be stimulated by offering discounts by manufacturers to their distributors if they order mixed loads. The other effective way to solve the problem of order batching is the use of third-party logistics companies: these companies allow economies of scale by combining loads from different suppliers situated near each other and delivering these loads to different companies, what is especially very u seful for small companies, for which full truckload replenishment times are very long. Stabilize prices A very straightforward way of eliminating the Bullwhip effect caused by forward buying is for the manufacturers to reduce the levels and frequencies of wholesale discounts. One of the most effective ways of doing it is implementing the everyday low price (EDLP) pricing strategy. The practice shows that this strategy is effective both for the suppliers and for the customers since it helps to decrease costs of inventory, storage, transportation etc. for every participant. Though with use of the conventional accounting systems the benefits of the EDLP strategy compared to wholesale price discounting strategy are not evident for the buyer, ABC systems in most cases explicitly show the advantages of EDLP strategy. Eliminate gaming in shortage The aim of this measure is to deprive buyers of the incentives to exaggerate their orders in hope of the partial satisfaction of these orders by the suppliers. One of the simple ways to get rid of this reason of Bullwhip effect appearance is as following: in case of shortage the supplier can allocate products to the customers not based on their orders, but in proportion to past sales records. Also the buyers desire for gaming may be lessened if the supplier shares its capacity and inventory information with them. The other way of fighting with buyers gaming desire is to use strict supply contracts that restrict buyers flexibility in ordering unlimited quantities of goods and free cancelling of orders. However, we have to admit that the above mentioned measures of reduction of the Bullwhip effect are not exhaustive and cannot fully eliminate the existence of this effect. A number of scientific papers mathematically prove that the Bullwhip effect still exists even when demand information is shared by all stages of the supply chain and all stages use the same forecasting technique and inventory policy (Chen et al., 2000), and even if almost all of the above described causes (like batching, price fluctuations etc.) are removed (Croson Donohue, 2003). This gives us the understanding that the Bullwhip effect problem still needs to be closely scrutinized and other ways of reducing this effect are still need to be developed. Conclusion In our concise but, we hope, substantial overview we tried to reflect different approaches to the understanding of the phenomenon called The Bullwhip effect and the negative effects that it brings to the members of a supply chain, and to describe the most sound, to our opinion, ways of reducing this effect, that were introduced by the researchers during the past two decades. We also found that though during the last years to the investigation of this matter a lot of scientists devoted a lot of their efforts, the problem of getting rid of the Bullwhip effect in a supply chain has not yet been solved completely: a number of scientific papers mathematically prove that the Bullwhip effect still exists even when almost all of the discovered (so far) causes of its appearance (like batching, price fluctuations etc.) are removed. This means that the Bullwhip effect problem still needs to be closely scrutinized and other ways of reducing this effect are still need to be developed.

E-commerce :: essays research papers fc

TABLE OF CONTENTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Page 1. Summary  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3 2. Introduction  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.1 E-commerce consumer behaviour model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3 3. Intervening Variables  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.1 Customer service  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3.2 Advertising  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   9 4. Conclusions  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   13 5. Bibliography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   14 6. Appendix A – Growth in Web advertising in millions of dollars per year  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   15 7. Appendix B – Consumer Information Processing Model of Choice  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   16   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1. Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This report presents briefly the generic e-commerce consumer behavior model. Its task is to show different ways the companies may use to win a customer and increase their profits concentrating on â€Å"intervening variables† represented in the model as far as E-commerce is concerned. The work is divided into three main parts. The introduction leads in the reader into general consumer behavior model. The main part concentrates on vendor controlled techniques of reaching clients and keeping them with the company and in the end it’s summing up the figures in the conclusion section. 2. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The omnipresent nature of the internet and its universal access makes it an excellent platform for communicating more effectively with customers. To become a successful e-business initiative the company has to figure out how to lure costumers first and how to keep them without relaying on face-to-face interactions further. For marketers, the consumers are the natural starting-point for all decision-making. The consumers are at the centre of everything the marketing-oriented company does or plans: presumably, therefore, understanding how people think and behave in purchase situations is essential to the success of a company. It is impossible to predict all clients’ decisions but knowing the e-commerce consumer behaviour model enable the firm to increase its sales together with reducing the retailing costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.1 E-commerce consumer behaviour model   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Economists tell us that people buy in order to maximise utility and obtain â€Å"best value for money†. Marketers tell us that the decision-making process is not necessarily based on economics. In fact, very few people consistently buy the cheapest version in the product class. The model shows us that final customer decision depends on three factors:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Independent variables, the company cannot control or influence o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personal characteristics such as: age, gender, education, ethnicity, lifestyle, psychological, knowledge, values, personality o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Environmental characteristics such as: social, cultural, legal, institutional, governmental - Intervening variables, the company can control and influence o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stimulated by market such as: price, brand, promotions, advertising, product quality, design o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  E-commerce systems such as: logistic support (payments, delivery), technical support (web design and content, intelligent agents, security), customer service (FAQs, e-mail, call centres, one-to-one contacts)

Analysis Of Bill T Jones Choreographic Pieces Art Essay

Bill T. Jones is a galvanizing choreographer with an tickle pinking presence and personal appeal. His digest of â€Å" Solos † includes â€Å" Tea for Two † , â€Å" Ionization † , and â€Å" Chaconne † . All different from each other are word pictures of Jones ‘ emotions and organic structure motions to their extremes. Giving a brief account to each, â€Å" Tea for Two † is a word picture of emotions like desire and love, while â€Å" Ionization † has an utmost engagement of strong music, motion, and looks which depict force, and eventually, â€Å" Chaconne † is a aflicker public presentation that displays the engagement of artistic techniques and music insinuating a certain narrative, or feeling. This paper is an mentality of Jones ‘ work, particularly in these public presentations, and how each public presentation is an artistic representation of a certain subject. The classical vocal â€Å" Tea for Two † is what Bill T. Jones ‘ public presentation is based upon. It is a solo which he presents twice ; one time on the steps, and following in a studio. On the other manus, as a witness I have realized that differences in the scene may take to a huge differentiation between two public presentations. First, â€Å" Tea for Two: On the Stairs. † The public presentation is a word picture of love, freewill, and desire. I have felt that Jones performs with his full ardor on the streets out to observe. Besides, the wordss sung by Blossom Dearie speak for themselves as the terpsichorean is blissful and content about the house created for him and his lover off from the busy life of the metropolis. As a witness, I have felt that it is a romantic lay dance where Jones is conveying to his audience that he is happy sing being entirely with his loved 1 with no 1 to trouble oneself them enabling them to hold tea for two and basking it without any break.Besides, I have realized that Jones ‘ free manner of dancing reflects his freedom and peaceableness. The daylight tends to capture the kernel of love and felicity, while his facial looks are of a happy adult male content with his life and life. In this dance sequence, the infinite is to the full utilised with no sets, or props to up set the construct of freedom he is seeking to convey to the audience. A really natural and clean public presentation, which shows what small felicity in life, along with a loved one, can make to a human being.Furthermore, traveling on to â€Å" Tea for Two: In the Studio † . Although Jones had performed the piece twice on the same music, the difference in the scene gave the dance another feeling. I felt that Jones is non executing with the same kernel, or power. Besides, I believe that his public presentation in the studio constrained him ; impeded him from traveling freely, unlike his public presentation on the stepss where you could experience the positive energy shimmering from every motion and line Jones had made. Furthermore, â€Å" Do you think I ‘ll do a soldier, every unit of ammunition goes higher and higher, do you desire to hold your freedom? † are the words of Bill T. Jones which he added after his public presentation to the piece in the studio. To me , this altered the temper after watching the public presentation as Jones left the audience in deep ideas ; besides, as a witness, I did non to the full understand the purpose of such a quotation mark ; nevertheless, it could be that Jones is dubious while mentioning to â€Å" himself † as a soldier, and questionable sing geting his freedom as he pictures it with his loved one. Traveling on to another dramatic piece by Bill T. Jones entitled â€Å" Ionization † . â€Å" Ionization † is a piece choreographed to a authoritative music composing by Edgar Varese, and this dance piece is an first-class synchronism of different instruments with the moves of the organic structure. Besides, as a witness, the dance is an ionisation of the human organic structure to different beats in life and is besides built on the premiss of how a organic structure moves to the most sensitive differentiations of assorted sorts of percussive sounds. Different instruments such as the bass and the membranophones are a pleasance to hear when synchronized to the soft and comforting sounds of the piano and the saxophone. Besides, as a witness, I was awakened with the African like beats, every bit good as, beats similar to the boom of a king of beasts and Sirens leting Jones to switch within the infinite utilizing stronger motions harmonizing to the round of the instruments. Furthermore, I consider this solo public presentation by Jones really much attending catching as the manner he communicated with his audience through his facial looks was outstanding ; besides, the manner he switched fleetly from one look to another, yet holding full control to do such switches apparent was like an expert done. Furthermore, force could be seen bit by bit in the public presentation from the beginning to the terminal from his crisp stomp like motions to his facial looks with conformity to the music played. However, although Jones ‘ public presentation to the full caught my attending, the music he chose for such a sequence was someway ruling doing me concentrate in certain parts with the music played instead than Jones while executing. Additionally, â€Å" Chaconne † is framed around spoken text and the music of Bach ‘s D-Minor Partita for Solo Violin. This solo public presentation accompanied by Bach ‘s D Minor Partita could be about Jones ‘ personal memories accompanied by the visual aspect of written text on screen about a close friend of him, or it could be dedicated to his female parent. Furthermore, I believe that the text is straight related to the sad and painful moves of Jones in the dance sequence. Besides, the text helped me as a witness understand the temper of the performing artist and grok the intent of the dance sequence as it felt that Jones was someway portraying the individual in torment, or retrieving how she felt during her blink of an eye of hurting, particularly during the portion while he was on the floor with his manus organizing a bosom like form and the text looking. Furthermore, the music, which is wholly a mix of fiddles, added to the softness of the public prese ntation. Although there is a immense difference between Jones ‘ four public presentations, I have liked â€Å" Chaconne † the most as I have felt that it reflects certain concealed emotions within him which he is able to merely reflect through dance and concealed address. Last but non least, it is hard to compare between two profound choreographers such as Bill T. Jones and Merce Cunningham ; nevertheless, I have admired Jones ‘ manner most as to me he managed to portray original modern-day dance and stage dancing. Although Merce Cunningham is a innovator in modern-day dance, and I am non a guru in such a field to to the full show my sentiment ; nevertheless, that is what I have realized after watching several pieces by both choreographers. Bill T. Jones is an keen performing artist and choreographer who is able to catch clasp of his audiences attending from the minute he starts dancing. Besides, his ability to set up stage dancing with clear messages sent is an property which I find important. Bill T. Jones is genuinely adept in his field of expertness, and truly has the ability to maintain his audience engaged wherever and whenever he performs.

Building Trust through E-Commerce

Suppose I am selling merchandises online – for instance, gift items for everyone – I know exactly how to convince my prospective buyers to trust my web site. Through the concept of â€Å"Free Information for All,† I would educate my web visitors, in the simplest way possible (without giving essential information to competitors), about the process of storing their credit card information and securing it from hackers and viruses.The rationale behind â€Å"Free Information for All,† is aiming at the minds of the potential customers, to make them think, feel and believe that they know all they need to know about where their credit card information is going. Images, such as secured vaults and huge powerful computers, will be used to instill in the minds of the viewers that my web site could not be any safer. In fact it is 100% safe and error-free. As for the action steps that I would take, I will begin by advertising banners and links that features a reverse ps ychology-inspired message, â€Å"Do not trust every online shop you see.Click to find the tricks of scammers. † Then, when they’re in my web site already, they will read another message, â€Å"Trust only those who can tell you everything you need to know about your shop and your account. Experience worry-free online shopping. † The second step is for me to make good on my word. Eventually, I will post â€Å"Testimonials† from the marketing department and from real people with pages in My Space. This will create a crisp, friendly feel in the website, and it will convince more people that my business and services are no hoax.The final step is just to ensure that my customers will enjoy a 24/7 customer support online and via toll-free number. Customers love to be pampered. I will pamper my customers, make them trust me, and make them go back to my store, with their friends in tow. Survey source: Safety in Numbers. June 25, 2002. The Resource for Security Exe cutives. November 10, 2006. .